Abstract: Connections between the archetypes of the collective unconscious, psychic complexes and quantum states in brain are presented. Hypothesis about correlation of quantum states in brain with psychic complexes is formulated. Psychic complexes are composite consequences of archetypal projection. Archetypes emerges as ordering factors of fantasies. Probable connections between quantum processes in brain and synchronization of neural units on EEG are shown and possible testing of hypothesis is formulated. Some experiments and empirical data connected with this hypothesis are shown. Problem of repressed psychic complexes localization is also presented in connection with pathological formators which emerges as epileptic focuses.
1.Introduction
C.G. Jung and W. Pauli directed on the problems and relationships between quantum physics and psychology. These ideas in context with contemporary neuroscience, physics and psychology shows as important for further discovery of nature and human being. Summary some connections is aim of this work.
2.Problem of Observation
In epilogue to the work "On the Nature
of the Psyche" (1), C.G. Jung says about complementarity relations between conscious
and unconscious level of human being. He shows, that psychic processes on level
inaccessible to the consciousness have a character of an objective reality. This objective
reality is also subjective in its possibility of awareness. For example repressed
unconscious trauma is often possible factor of neurotic and psychotic diseases. Impact of
these psychic complexes often leads to the repeat of situations and relationships which
have meaningful context with a nucleus of trauma. Analytical process has its aim in
integration of psychic complexes by change of conscious attitude to the unconscious
conflict. Ordering factors have their impact on the objective level when conscious
activity and fantasy is repressed. Ordering factor determines typical direct and course of
unconscious psychic activity for example instinct (pattern of behaviour), typical order of
fantasies (mythology, dreams). Mythological, clinical and generally cultural historical
materials implicate some types of ordering factors of fantasies called as archetypes. In
human society archetypes emerge as general roles and typical relationships. For example
hero, princess, mother, father, son, daughter etc.
Analogical way of thinking is also in physical sciences. There
is possible to formulate mathematical equations of physical events as laws of nature or
ordering factors of nature. In physics of microworld the situations is contradictory. In
the realm of quantum physics is necessary speculate also about an influence of the
observer on physical processes. Quantum processes are on principle different from those
which are studied in the classical physics. E.P. Wigner (54) says: " ... it was not
possible to formulate the laws of quantum mechanics in a fully consistent way without
reference to the consciousness". W. Heisenberg (55): "The laws of nature which
we formulate mathematically in quantum theory deal no longer with the particles themselves
but with our knowledge of the elementary particles." Physical description of the
world thus contains subjective factor, psychological dimension of reality, necessary for
the theoretical interpretation of experimental data and for our knowledge about the world.
At first we have objective existence of psychic processes and secondly we have subjective
dimension of physical processes. Observing of unconscious processes has an influence on
the course of these processes by analogy as an influence of observer on the quantum state
by measurement.
In letter of W. Pauli to C.G. Jung (1) Pauli writes about
analogy between psychology and physics because gnoseological situation between terms
conscious and unconscious is far-reaching analogical to complementarity in physics. At
first unconscious can be observed only from ordering acts, secondly every conscious
observation of unconscious affects unconscious contents. This is the reason why
unconscious can not be emptied. An influence of conscious observation on unconscious can
not be controlled. This is the reason of objective character of unconscious but
possibility in which unconscious contents can be contained in consciousness has subjective
character. Unconscious is objective and subjective. Hence the existence of a cut between
consciousness and unconsciousness is necessity. System which is observed is from
psychological point of view combined not only from physical objects but also from
unconscious contents while consciousness has a role of an observing instrument. Situation
in quantum physics looks like as that in psychology. Also it is not to possible exclude
influence of observation.
3.Archetypes and synchronicity
C.G. Jung shows objectivity of archetypes
also in relation to the phenomena of synchronicity (1),(2). Synchronicity is defined as an
acausal connecting principle between the events. Jung in (3) shows following kinds of
synchronistic phenomena.
1.Coincidence of a psychic state of observer with
contemporary, objective external event, which correspond to this psychic state or content.
Between the psychic state and external event there is no causal connection.
2. Coincidence between psychic state and corresponding more or
less contemporary event, which is outside the observer sensations can be verified only
later.
3. Coincidence of psychic state and an event in future which
for the present not yet exists takes place in future and can not be verified the sooner.
J.B. Rhine realized some experiments with extrasensory perceptions. Jung in (3) says that
these experiments can be taken as statistical arguments about possible psychic relativity
of space-time continuum according to the book by famous physicist Pascual Jordan (66).
Jung also says that space-time definition of consciousness can be only one of the others
aspects and that psyche not be necessary bind to the brain.
Synchronistic events are connected with archetypes of the
collective unconscious. When autonomous psychic content (archetype) comes to the
consciousness its synchronistic manifestations is stopped. On the other hand in
unconscious states of archetypes the synchronistic manifestations can be evoked, as for
example in dreams (3).
4.Space and Time in Quantum Physics and Relativity Theory
In Newton´s physics have space and time
absolute character. In the relativity theory exist space-time continuum and shows
classical space and time as a limit of the more general laws. General relativity
implicates linear space and time violations. This leads to the jumps in space and in time.
For example time machine can be theoretically constructed. This connections between the
distant places in space and time are called wormholes. They are very small only 10
-33m (nucleus of atom is about 10 -15m). This proportion is called Planck,s
length which is limiting, smallest size in our space (5),(6). This is uniting dimension of
all things. In contemporary physics exist some works about the time machines, time
travelling and travelling between the stars faster then light (7).
In quantum theory exist Newtonian space and time and is
changed all the way only in relativistic quantum theory. Quantum theory but has its puzzle
called as quantum nonlocality or inseparability. This means that quantum objects that have
interacted are still (acausally) connected independently on the distance. At first it was
referred as Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox, as the problem of correlation of quantum
systems on the distance (8). For example electron pair in quantum state has correlation of
spin it,s electron particles. This was experimentally realized on the system of
two photons (10). Mysterious example of nonlocality is "interaction free
measurement". Coherent (quantum) beam of rays is divided on two beams which are
separated in the space. In the path of second beam is the stone. When the second beam hits
the stone even on the first beam we can see the image of the stone on eye retina. This is
only schematic sketch. Details you can find in (11).
5.Wave Function and it´s Collapse
Quantum to classical transition is called as wave function collapse. Quantum theory describes fundamental laws of nature. It must reply the answer as classical world arises from the quantum world. In classic quantum theory is wave function collapse caused by "outside" factors, measurement, or influence of the observer. Wave function is a set of possibilities. Quantum world is the world of possibilities, contingencies. Collapse of the wave function is emergent to the being, from wave of possibilities, from possibility to the actuality. In new physics exist also spontaneous collapse of the wave function without the observer, which can be grasped as platonic ideas manifestations. Is there connections between the spontaneous psychic processes as archetypes manifestations and spontaneous collapses of the quantum states in brain and between archetypal projection and by influence of the observer on the quantum state as influence unconsciousness of experimentalist?
6.Microworld and Gravitation mysteries
Has gravity any meaning in microworld, when
we consider relation between gravitational and electrostatic forces? Is not fateful the
neglecting of gravitation for the quantum mechanics in its classical form? We direct some
problems this fundamental theme.
We have here the problem of too many particles in quantum
state. Let,s have a collection of particles in quantum state that has
microscopic size. When will be added particles as long as collection will be macroscopic
what becomes then? Mathematical solution is in (67). Conclusion is that initial pure wave
function is spontaneously collapsed and are shown some connections with gravity. Later
works are divided on stochastic models (68),(69). In (69) universal principle of reduction
of macroscopic quantum fluctuations is postulated (quantum state reduction is the same
term as the collapse). The second class of models studied gravity as an influence causing
of wave function collapse (70),(71). In (72),(73) theories culminate. Unifying criterion
is shown and also connections with older models. Theory is called as: Quantum mechanics
with Universal Density Localisation. In (74) experimental testing of theories which
consider the wave function collapse as a consequence of gravitational fluctuations is
studied. When we simplify the problem we can say that collapse is caused by
"spreading of forms" during the classical to quantum relationship (for example
when are added the particles)- quantum classical wedding- which is consequence of
macroscopic quantum states (macroscopic quantum superposition). The "spreading of
forms" expresses uncertainty of physical quantities. Macroscopic quantum fluctuations
also correspond to fluctuations of space-time geometry (77).
7.Quantum Mystery of Brain
In (16) Crick and Koch talk about the
problem of consciousness and its scientific discovery. They see the probable necessity of
radically new concept which will be modificate scientific thinking analogically as for
example quantum mechanics. The reason is that it seems neurons. hardly possible to resolve
the problem of consciousness and mental events as being caused only by the firing of large
sets of neurons.
Among the problems which are not yet resolved by means of
classical neurophysiological models pertain the problem of visual information processing.
Seeing of the object is represented by sets of excited neurons which are distributed in
the brain. They are not localised in the same place during the visual information
processing. Experimentalists have not found one particular region in the brain where all
the information needed for visual awareness would appear to come together. Such a
hypothetical place was dubbed "The Cartesian Theatre" (16). It was refered in
(17) as "binding problem" and is shown that all perception and motor functions
are established on distributed processes of neuronal firing without their convergency.
Marshall in (18) shows that physical correlate of consciousness can not be a classical
system but can be a quantum system in which are distributed processes in the brain
nonlocaly connected during the information processing. F. Beck and J.C. Eccles (19) show
relation of brain activity to the consciousness as quantum tunnelling effect which has
their influence on the process of neurotransmitter release. It corresponds with the
experimental facts (56) that treat exocytosis of neurotransmitter as a process with
probability less then one (about one from the six axonal depolarisations leads to the
neurotransmitter release (exocytosis)).
In S. Hameroff,s and R. Penrose,s theory
(20),(21),(22) is shown very interesting proposal about connections of neurophysiological
processes on subcellular level with quantum gravity as was outlined in sixth part of this
article.
8.Quantum Gravity Theory of Consciousness and its biological aspects
Dynamical behaviour of particle system
depends on wave length of the particles and on the distance between them. When the wave
length is less then the distance, particles behave as independent ones. When this wave
length is higher than the distance between particles then they are nonlocally connected
and their wave function are entangled (quantum entanglement) and they are in quantum
coherent state. Wave length of the particle is dependent on the temperature and grows when
temperature declines. Such quantum coherent state is also called Bose-Einstein condensate
in connection with behavior according to Bose-Einstein statistics. Bose-Einstein
condensate is for example responsible for metallic superconductivity in the temperature
1.5-5K. Lasers also produce Bose-Einstein condensate of photons. The first hind about the
Bose-Einstein condensate in living organisms is from H. Fröhlich (36),(37),(38). Quantum
coherent states in living organisms are induced among the proteins and also among electric
dipoles in polarised membranes. Fröhlich considered that conformational transitions of
proteins are caused by oscillations of electron in hydrophobic region of protein and that
they can induce Bose-Einstein condensate. Other experimental facts on Fröhlich,s
coherent excitations is in (39),(40),(41),(42).
Quantum coherent states of proteins are caused by quantum
superposition of two different conformational states. Conformation of protein depends on
position of electron in hydrophobic region. Two possible positions of electron correspond
to two possible conformations of protein. In quantum coherent state of proteins the
electrons in hydrophobic regions of proteins are delocalized. There is a loss of the
difference between the conformational states. Proteins exist no more as units and are
nonlocally connected in quantum state. In brain neurons there may exist quantum
superposition of proteins of tubulin (dimer of alpha and beta tubulins). Tubulin has two
conformational states (alpha state and beta state) which enter into to the superposition.
Tubulins are subunits of microtubules. Tubulins are connected to little chains that are
called protofilaments. Protofilaments form thin little tubes which are called
microtubules. Microtubules are elements of cytoskeleton. Microtubules drive cellular
division and transport they have an influence on cellular form and functions inclusive
synaptic connections between neurons. They for all the time polymerize and depolymerize.
The microtubules and their associated proteins (MAPs) together with other components of
cytoskeleton form extensive nets. Every tubulin has closed hydrophobic region which is
suitable for quantum effects. Biochemical energy is supplied to microtubules by
phosphorylation of associated proteins and coupling GTP on tubulins. Some experimental
studies show influence of cytoskeleton on sensation and cognitive functions (21). Also
binding of anesthetics on microtubules show a connection between microtubules and
consciousness. For example halucinogens which bind to the hydrophobic regions of neural
proteins makes impossible quantum effects (21),(43),(44). Was also shown (21), that
conformational patterns represents informations. These conformational patterns of tubulin
states behave as cellular automata which represented informational processes in cells
inclusive regulation of synaptic functions in neurons (21). Quantum superposition becomes
macroscopic for 109 or more tubulins in quantum coherent state (20),(21),(22).
The life time of this quantum state from uncertainty relations (Et=h) is 500 ms or less
(21). Libet shows 500ms (45) as the time for transition of unconscious psychic processes
to the consciousness. For the time 500 ms the quantum state can be preserved by isolation
mechanisms (47),(48),(49), for example crystallic water on microtubule surface. In the
time 500 ms or less (depending on number of tubulins which has as a consequence the
uncertainty in value of energy (E) caused by delocalisation) the macroscopic quantum
system spontaneously collapses. Let |A> and |B> are the conformational states of
tubulins n is number of tubulins in state |A> and k is number of tubulins in state
|B> with a characteristic distribution on microtubule before the quantum superposition
of states w|A>+z|B> (w,z are complex numbers). Spontaneous collapse is
undeterminable, unpredictable and nonalgorithmic process which selects generally other
conformational pattern than that before the superposition. When during information
processing in microtubules is no spontaneous collapse then they are deterministic.
Spontaneous collapse thus points on "free will" in information processing as a
characteristic feature of consciousness.
Macroscopic quantum superposition may be also shown in terms
of space-time fluctuations and then spontaneous collapse is self-selecting quantum gravity
process in which system must choose a single universe state and decay (collapse) from the
quantum to classical state (20),(21),(22),(77). Quantum physics thus corresponds to
psychological processes on their fundamental level. In one neuron there is about 107
tubulins (21). The minimum number for spontaneous collapse and consciousness is 100
neurons. Hundred or more neurons are nonlocally connected by quantum superposition of
tubulin states and bind distributed information processing (binding problem). Collapse is
nonlocal quantum effect which is running at the same time in all neurons whose tubulins
are in superposed quantum state. As a consequence of this is either an inhibition or
excitation of neurons which take part in the quantum state. Organised quantum exocytosis
thus occurs and firing pattern is its consequence. Firing pattern represents for example a
smile or a movement of hand. So it is the hypothetical process in which the mental order
translates into the physiological action (51). Connections of microtubules and associated
proteins with receptors and their influence on subsynaptic cytoskeleton are treated in
(22),(24),(25),(26),(27),(28),(29),(30),(31). Coding and information processing may be
found in (22),(32),(33),(34),(35).
9.Quantum Synchronization of Neurons
It has been shown some reasons that leads to the hypothesis about connections of psychic processes with quantum theory. It is possible to suppose that synchronization of neurons and neural networks is a consequence of quantum processes. It leads to the hypothesis which is shown in part ten of this article. Before the formulation of this hypothesis we will show some macro-EEG correlates of neural synchronization. The synchronization has its EEG correlate that is called phenomenon of wave which is a consequence of synchronization of many neural units. The opposite case is the desynchronization when neurons work independently. It leads to the low EEG curve. Hypersynchronization is enhanced synchronization. It emerges with rising of wave,s amplitudes. During the synchronization is the number of firing neurons which work at the same time smaller than that during the hypersynchronization. Extremaly high synchronization (hypersynchronization) occurs during the epileptic paroxysms and its graphoelements on macro-EEG are points or complexes point-wave.
10.Quantum Theory and Psychic Processes
Similarity between quantum world and
unconscious psychic processes that was suggested by C.G. Jung and W. Pauli shows an
important connections with quantum brain processes. In (35) F. Beck writes: " In our
work we presented one hypothesis (due to J.C. Eccles), showing how mental processes, such
as for example intentions, could influence the brain. The important issue there was the
assumption that selection of quantum amplitude out of a superposition of different states
does not violate physical conservation laws, and by this allows the control of brain
processes without interfering with the dynamics. This, in our opinion, is a crucial point
as to why the quantum brain is different from the classical brain, where functioning is
based on the deterministic and causal classical dynamics. In view of the fact that all
this is very clearly expressed in chapters nine and ten of Eccles (1994) (76)”.
Now it is possible to show how quantum brain processes are
connected with psychic processes on levels of archetypes and psychic complexes:
1.Aspect of Regulation: Quantum brain
performs functions that concern regulation and control of information processing.
Archetypes act as ordering factor of fantasies.
2.Aspect of Complexity: Complex psychological
processes (psychic complexes) and complementary physiological processes which are
connected by quantum dynamics.
3.Aspect of nonlocality: Quantum brain
processes are not classical systems. As quantum objects their description is possible only
by quantum mechanics. When for example two quantum brains interacted they enter into the
superposition. They may be assumed to be nonlocaly connected! This corresponds to
synchronicity and to archetypes of the collective unconscious.
From this aspects can be deduced a following correlation
hypothesis:
Evoked psychic complexes from the unconscious corresponds to
quantum processes. Their consequences can be measured by EEG as synchronized activity of
neurons.
11.Psychic Complexes and their Role in Schizophrenic Process
Psychic complexes are affective emotional nuclei of experiences. Their direction is contradictory to the conscious attitude. Sources of these complexes are conflicts and traumas. Their consequence is a repression of memory and psychic dissociation. The lower form of dissociation is neurosis. Higher one being psychosis. Complex that has a dominant role is identical with ego-complex. When affective unconscious complex dominates, the consciousness is weakened. The weakening of consciousness is present when psychic life is dissociated and also in dreams. In dreams psychic complexes are presented as symbols (persons, animals and things). Symbols originate from archetypal projections (58),(59). Weakening of consciousness in schizophrenia is also evident from decline of EEG alpha activity and from its retardation. Delta and theta waves grows. Waves of beta activity are also lower (60). Hallucinations arise when psychic complexes that are manifested to the consciousness are not distinguished from external sensations. On EEG during the hallucinations are present subcortical points (60). There are also manifested defects of REM sleep with a possibility to understand schizophrenia as "bursting" of dream spending to the vigilant state (60). From this connections it is possible to see typical EEG abnormalities of schizophrenia as manifestations of unconscious complexes by quantum effects with a consequence of neural hypersynchronization (subcortical points).
12. Epilepsy and epileptosis
Epilepsy is very complex disease with many
specific forms. Typical symptom is paroxysms (grand mal) in which a subject falls to the
ground with muscular spasms and losing consciousness. There can be shown four stages:
Prodrome state- pain of head, irritability etc. before the
paroxysm.
Aura- subjective feelings preceding an attack.
Paroxysm.
4. Postparoxysm stage.
Epileptoses are between psychosis and epilepsy. They connect
typical epileptic symptoms with typical symptoms of psychosis. For example during an
antiepileptic therapy epileptic EEG is improved but the psychotic symptoms become
distinctive (63). In (62) is shown a model of mechanism of epileptic paroxysms. For the
cortex is not possible the self-organization. It is organized by formators. They are
little centres (nucleus) in a brain stem. Formator for vigility is reticular ascendent
system. Formators are diversified during the day and night. Formator acts as generator of
signals into the cortex and organizes its activity.
Epileptic focus is a site of the brain with hypersynchronized
EEG at that time when EEG in other parts of brain is normal. During the paroxysm the
epileptic hypersynchronization is on large regions of head or on whole surface of head.
Epileptic focus acts as pathological formator. It is a competitor of physiological
formators. Pathological complex is also competitor of natural psychic complexes-
archetypes - as centres of motivation. Psychic complexes are contents that act on
consciousness and formators act on a cortex in which the consciousness is localized.
Physiological formators correspond to archetypes and pathological ones to repressed
traumas emerging as pathological psychic complexes. C.G. Jung in his work about
schizophrenia shows localisation of psychic complexes connected with a specific toxin
which arises as a consequence of excessive affect in near region of pathological complex.
Associations which are connected with pathological complex are repressed on archaic level.
Archetypes and their local correlates -physiological formators - from this point of view
are innate tendencies to the repression some types of fantasies on instinct archaic level
of consciousness and they behave as a pattern of behaviour. Some psychic contents probably
can not be matters of free will and of conscious deciding. In (59) Jung also says about
the case of epilepsy which every prodromal stage contained a vision of archetypal form
which is called quadratura circuli. Archetypal vision was also caused by electric
excitation of brain stem. Quadratura circuli pertains to mandala symbols which are
connected with the archetype projection of Self. Jung says that he supposed a localisation
of Self in brain stem. His argument was in universal ordering impact of the Self
archetype. The same quality has reticular activation system formator (that activate cortex
to the vigilance. This acts on level of consciousness which is necessary to promote the
psychic contents to the ego-consciousness. Other archetypes probably correspond to other
formators of brain stem. This connections consist in the fact that probably every state of
consciousness is related to the formators-brain stem nuclei (62).
13.Conclusion
To interesting experiments pertain also
high alpha wave of sharp form arising as reaction on very painful or on rather delicate
answers (64). There are also is interesting connections between EEG hypersynchronization
and hyperventilation in relation to the holotropic therapy of S. Grof (65) which is used
for evoking of the repressed contents or of archetypes of the collective unconscious.
The main aim of this article is mind-body interconnections and
also some philosophical approach to the meaning of human being.
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